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The Australian Book of Atheism
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The significance of the big-bang theory has to do with the theory that the universe had a beginning.
There are two competing theories (a) the universe just is, the so called ‘steady-state’ (b) the universe had a beginning, the big-bang theory . However, the debate between the big bang and the steady state was over in 1965, with big bang the clear winner because the steady state theory did not stand up to what was observed by science.
http://www.aip.org/history/cosmology/ideas/bigbang.htm
The steady-state theory would have favoured the atheists in that life just is (i.e. it is eternal, it has no beginning nor an end), there is no need for any intelligent design. And in fact many atheists appealed to this theory to support their faith.
Two eminent cosmologists (Fred Hoyle, Allan Sandage) who started out as atheists abandoned their faith when faced with the evidence.
"Some super-calculating intellect must have designed the properties of the carbon atom, otherwise the chance of my finding such an atom through the blind forces of nature would be utterly minuscule." Of course you would . . . A common sense interpretation of the facts suggests that a superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as with chemistry and biology, and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature. The numbers one calculates from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question.” (Fred Hoyle)
“… the world is too complicated in all its parts and interconnections to be due to chance alone. I am convinced that the existence of life with all its order in each of its organisms is simply too well put together. Each part of a living thing depends on all its other parts to function. How does each part know? How is each part specified at conception? The more one learns of biochemistry the more unbelievable it becomes…” (Allan Sandage)
http://www.leaderu.com/truth/1truth15.htm