CH,

The zero ? An Indian invention, predating the Muslim and Christian use by eight hundred years; this is from Wikipedia:

The concept of zero as a number and not merely a symbol or an empty space for separation is attributed to India, where, by the 9th century AD, practical calculations were carried out using zero, which was treated like any other number, even in case of division.[12][13]

The Indian scholar Pingala, of 2nd century BC or earlier, used binary numbers in the form of short and long syllables (the latter equal in length to two short syllables), a notation similar to Morse code.[14] In his Chandah-sutras (prosody sutras), dated to 3rd or 2nd century BC, Pingala used the Sanskrit word śūnya explicitly to refer to zero. This is so far the oldest known use of śūnya to mean zero in India.[15] The fourth Pingala sutra offers a way to accurately calculate large metric exponentiation, of the type (2)n, efficiently with less number of steps.[15]

The earliest text to use a decimal place-value system, including a zero, is the Jain text from India entitled the Lokavibhāga, dated 458 AD, where śūnya ("void" or "empty") was employed for this purpose.[16] The first known use of special glyphs for the decimal digits that includes the indubitable appearance of a symbol for the digit zero, a small circle, appears on a stone inscription found at the Chaturbhuja Temple at Gwalior in India, dated 876 AD.[17][18] There are many documents on copper plates, with the same small o in them, dated back as far as the sixth century AD, but their authenticity may be doubted.[11]

In 498 AD, Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata stated that "sthānāt sthānaṁ daśaguṇaṁ syāt;"[19] i.e., "from place to place each is ten times the preceding,"[19][20] which is the origin of the modern decimal-based place value notation.[21][22]

And of course, CH, our number system - called Arabic numerals - was derived from the Indians too. Also logarithms. Brilliant mathematicians !

Cheers,

Joe

Conservativehippie
I am a western cultural supremacist chump
The current USA led deformity is a complete betrayal of everything good about the tradition.
So to me you and your kind are a wrong turn a dead end and lobotomy
The good thing is that your sort are so incredibly dumbed down that your leadership can't help but end sooner than you think.

And amazingly you probably won't notice that either

Yebiga, if that's the best you can come up with when you've been totally trumped, you really are a disappointment.

Still being hypocritical, haven't you realised that if the governments of western civilization crumble the way you are predicting, you will still be living in the ruins. What then?

What is with you, that you cannot denounce ISIS?

What you fail to understand is that we are in ruins
And ISIS is merely one of many mirages to prevent you seeing how desperate our state is
Look at our environment, our economy, our infrastructure
We are in regression
ISIS is a joke
What happened to el ciada?
Bogey man coming for you bogey boo!

Read something of our history for heavens sake
Or soon crossing th street will challenge you - there will be bogey man real and imagined on every corner.

ISIS is an Egyptian. Goddess be careful she is powerful magic
Who writes these scripts

War is just a racket. A racket is best described, I believe, as something that is not what it seems to the majority of people. Only a small inside group knows what it is about. It is conducted for the benefit of the very few at the expense of the masses...

The trouble with America is that when the dollar only earns 6 percent over here, then it gets restless and goes overseas to get 100 percent...

...There isn’t a trick in the racketeering bag that the military gang is blind to.

It has its “finger men” to point out enemies, its “muscle men” to destroy enemies, its “brain men” to plan war preparations, and a “Big Boss” Super-Nationalistic-Capitalism.

I spent thirty-three years and four months in active military service as a member of this country’s most agile military force, the Marine Corps. And during that period, I spent most of my time being a high class muscle-man for Big Business, for Wall Street and for the Bankers. In short, I was a racketeer, a gangster for capitalism.

I helped make Mexico, especially Tampico, safe for American oil interests in 1914.
I helped make Haiti and Cuba a decent place for the National City Bank boys to collect revenues in. I helped in the raping of half a dozen Central American republics for the benefit of Wall Street. The record of racketeering is long. I helped purify Nicaragua for the international banking house of Brown Brothers in 1909–1912 (where have I heard that name before?).

I brought light to the Dominican Republic for American sugar interests in 1916. In China I helped to see to it that Standard Oil went its way unmolested. During those years, I had, as the boys in the back room would say, a swell racket. Looking back on it, I feel that I could have given Al Capone a few hints. The best he could do was to operate his racket in three districts. I operated on three continents.

Smedley Darlington butler
1933 major general U.S. marine

Oh conservative hippy you got that one wrong.

First, the Arabs did do some very good work in the period say, 900 to 1500.
They did a lot with maths and medicine and passed it onto Europe when
they occupied Spain. They had then, as they do now, have designs on
Europe but Isabella and Ferdinand put a stop to that after some hundreds of years.

You also got the zero wrong, it was invented by the Indians and passed
it onto the Arabs when they taught them arithmetic.

The Arabs did themselves no favours when they started the custom of
marrying their cousins. I don't know when that was but it was OKed
by Mohammad who checked with Allah.
Possibly the educated classes new better, although you would think an
agricultural people would know better.