China has an $11bn mortgage on Papua New Guinea which is being called in. This is how it's done:

"Clive of India had already made a secret agreement with aristocrats in Bengal, including Jagat Seth and Mir Jafar. He was fully justified in his confidence in Mir Jafar's treachery to his master, for he led a large portion of the Nawab's army away from the battlefield, ensuring his defeat. Clive entered Murshidabad and established Mir Jafar as Nawab, the price which had been agreed beforehand for his treachery. Clive was taken through the treasury, amid a million and a half sterling's worth of rupees, gold and silver plate, jewels and rich goods, and besought to ask what he would. Clive took £160,000, a vast fortune for the day, while half a million was distributed among the army and navy of the East India Company, and provided gifts of £24,000 to each member of the company's committee, as well as the public compensation stipulated for in the treaty. Mir Jafar further discharged his debt to Clive by afterwards presenting him with the quit-rent of the lands in and around Calcutta, amounting to an annuity of £27,000 for life, and leaving him by will the sum of £70,000, which Clive devoted to the army."

Well, looks like the $1.2 million/day Australia has been giving to PNG since Goaf's antics has put China firmly on Australia's doorstep ! 50 years is not that long to see Govt policies impacting !
That legacy is now playing out.

The job used to be done by gentlemen with discipline.
"The German government sent military expeditions to take control of north Papua from 1899 to 1914 by mobilisation of four weeks of labour. In 1910 the plantation workers protested , deciding to go to war and the government sent 4 warships with 745 troops and in 1911 the Papuan leader surrendered.

English Captain John Moresby of HMS Basilisk visited south Papua in 1873 and claimed the land for Britain and named it after his father, Admiral Sir Fairfax Moresby." Jolly decent chaps all round. Not like the Chinese.

I recall talking to an old german Protestant educated PNG couple back in the early 80's on one of the TS islands. They told me how well off their grandparents were under German occupation. If their standard of education was anything to go by in comparison to today's of the indigenous then I can understand what they meant.

If that's a good thing , then it's what China has always done.
"In 2003, central and local governments in China supported 1,552 institutions of higher learning (colleges and universities) and their 725,000 professors and 11 million students . Chinese spending has grown by 20% per year since 1999, now reaching over $100bn, and as many as 1.5 million science and engineering students graduated from Chinese universities in 2006.

China has also become a top destination for international students. As of 2013, China is the most popular country in Asia for international students, and ranks third overall among countries. As of 2018, the country has the world's second highest number of top universities".

And the trains run on time like German trains.

Rusian trains run on time too. In Vietnam, “This time, a much tougher partner is involved: Rosneft, whose primary shareholder is the Russian government,” writes Murray. It will be extremely difficult for Beijing to confront the Russian navy, ready to defend the oil interests of Moscow in the region. And that could trim China’s South China Sea ambitions, and save peace in the region."

Good old Vietnam, Australia's traditional communist ally.