When discovered, the skull was described as being cut by a British colonial sword. After the date of late 1200s was given by ANU, opinion was that a mulga hardwood blade did it as metal was impossible at that date.
Forensic, surgical and museum evidence suggests that hardwood can't slice cortical bone that way.
It may be that Kertajaya, a deranged king who was deposed in 1222 in Java, may be connected. He went to the land of gods. He disappeared without trace - G Coeddes.

Aboriginal legend and Indian cultures seem to support this, if anyone is interested.

The Forum did not allow the opening link:
ABC Catalyst Toorale skull murder mystery.
This is the TV doco from April showing the skull and details of opinion.

Dear Nick,

Thank You for this discussion.

I did not watch Catalyst - however I read the
transcript with great interest.

http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/4211835.htm

This is an important discovery. As historian Prof.
Henry Reynolds points out such a find is extremely
rare.

It will be interesting to see where this all leads.

There are several sites about Three Brothers. Lismore Council has a signboard and Aboriginal guides to explain the events.
As this site says, it is the only legend about a boat arrival.
From On top of the Hill : Bundjalung Nation

onthehillgilayjun.blogspot.com/p/bunda.html

To the best of knowledge the Bundjalung Nation Aboriginal people from the East ... This event is related through the legend of "The Three Brothers (Bundjalung ...

In "Australian Dreaming" J Isaacs , the 3 brothers who came from Ngareenbil were Ya Birrein, Birrung and Mamoon.
In Old Balinese language ,ngareenbil means "your beloved countryman" in the High Level ( royal ) register of vocabulary. Bali was Negara, the Hindu ritual government system. Indonesian nagara "country".
Ya Birrein is "the first" , Birrung "last" .
_ Qld Uni School of Languages.
Balinese families name children by terms 1st to 4th, then back to 1st child. Mamoon (mamun)is a Sanskrit / Balinese term for "uncle".
"aunt uncle." Indo. bibi paman ,Balinese. maman maman, (high level)paman paman

Bundjalung maman means "father". Nagara is "the sea" (as in ngaranbil "overseas islands". By comparison, Indonesian barat means "the west" the direction to Bharata , India.
Ngari is the tribal dance of Bundjalung.

Despite what the ABC says, it's not a murder mystery as there is no way that the death can be categorized, he may have been killed in battle, executed by his tribe etc., we can never know.

Aboriginal blades in Aust Museum are 5-10 mm thick at 10mm in from the edge. Surgical chisel blades are 2mm. Skull thickness on the forehead is about 8mm so a sideways slice halfway down is hardly possible with wood.

School of Archaeology and Ancient History
University of Leicester, LE1 7RH

Orthopaedic & Spine Surgeon
Director Orthopaedic Surgery, The Alfred
Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, Monash University

University of Sydney.
(The Forum won't permit quotes to be posted ).

Swords have been around since about 3,000 BC so I don't suppose that one, or more, finding their way to Australia by way of trade would be impossible, or even surprising. He could have been hit with a bronze weapon, it didn't have to be iron or steel.

"When discovered, the skull was described as being cut by a British colonial sword"

Impossible. The highly reliable carbon dating says the event occurred well before Europeans.

Aboriginal sharpened stone axes were made 35,000 years ago. Even forgetting that fact, what about flint edged weapons - sharp like glass and present a thin profile. Or edged weapons from the very hard Australian timbers, some of which pave London streets to this day.

The ABC really has to so better than using its egg beater to make stories.

Is Catalyst to be regarded like Q&A - which the ABC management admits is only 'entertainment' and makes no attempt to surface facts and evidence as news reporting is obliged to do?

The ABC is aware that headlines and introductory bumpf can easily mislead, because many readers and viewers do not get past that, as manipulative spin-merchants and propagandists are very aware.

What should be vexing to Aboriginals is that there is a deeper story to be told of their toolmaking history and very likely, a story of social rules that must not be broken on penalty of death.

Bronze or iron, this king had a navy which sailed to New Guinea.
Sri Maharaja Kertajaya was the last king of Kadiri who reigned circa 1194-1222. . At the end of his reign, he was defeated by Ken Arok of Tumapel or Singhasari , which marked the end of the kingdom of Kadiri .

The Indianized States of South-East Asia
George Cœdès 1968 p 187
Kritajaya fled and disappeared without a trace.

Ancient Indian History and Civilization
Sailendra Nath Sen 1999 India p 525

. Kertajaya, the last king of Kadiri, involved himself in a quarrel with the clergy ...

.Ken Arok ..married the heiress to the throne of Janggala after murdering her husband. As ruler of Janggala he next revolted in 1222 against his sovereign Kertajaya , the ruler of Kediri, with the full support of clergy. .Ken Arok was succeeded by Kertanagara who was murdered in 1292 by a revolting governor of resurgent Kediri .

---
By the end of his reign Kertajaya says he wanted to be worshiped by the Hindu and Buddhist priests.. .

. . The priests chose refuge in Ken Arok ,. Kertajaya.. claimed he could only be defeated by Shiva . . Hearing this, Ken Arok put on the title of Lord Master (another name for Shiva ) and led troops to attack Kadiri . To legitimate his ascension, Ken Arok claimed to be a son of Siwa.

. Anusapati,a stepson .. killed Ken Arok.. In the end, Anusapati was also killed by his stepbrother, Panji Tohjaya with the same kris sword.

.. . . Kertajaya himself escaped and hid, rising to heaven.

. Nagarakretagama .. mentioned that Kertajaya escaped and hid in dewalaya (god's land ).

. Both texts proclaim Kertajaya is in a natural refuge of the gods. Presumably Kertajaya hid inside a temple , or maybe Kertajaya was killed .

In later periods, Kediri economy grew to rely more heavily on trade, especially the spice trade. This resulted from Kediri development of a navy, giving them the opportunity to control the spice trade routes to eastern islands. (such as Papua).

on the beach.
Hi
The doco said they thought it was a British sword until the date of 1200s was given.
A flint-tipped blade has a jagged edge so can't cut a clean slice and flint is brittle on bone. Stone blades are even thicker than mulga and can't slice sideways half-way into the skull.

The goddess who became India and an island in Queensland may be an example of Indonesian Hindu contact in 1200s. Gauri and Gurree seem to be the same.

The Creation of Fraser Island (K’Gari) – a Butchulla Legend

(From stories told by direct descendent and Elder of the Butchulla people – Olga Miller)

Yendingie came down from the sky, and set to work to make the sea, and then the land. When Yendingie arrived at what is now known as Hervey Bay, he had a helper – the beautiful white spirit called Princess K’Gari.

K’Gari was a great helper, and helped Yendingie make the sea shores, the mountain ranges, the lakes and the rivers..
When she awoke she said to Yendingie, “I think this is the most beautiful place we have ever created. .Please, please Yendingie … I could still look up into the sky and see what you are doing. I would love to stay here.”

Finally Yendingie agreed. “You may stay here, but you cannot stay in spirit form. I will need to change you.” So he changed her into a beautiful island. So she wouldn’t be lonely, he then made some beautiful trees and flowers, and some lakes that were specially mirrored so that she could see into the sky. He made creeks and laughing waters that would become her voice, and birds and animals and people to keep her company. He gave these people knowledge and laws, and told them what to do, and how to procreate, so that their children and ancestors would always be there to keep K’Gari company.

And she is still there today, looking up at the sky in one of the truly most beautiful places on earth! She is very happy in, and as, paradise.

In the Butchulla people’s language, Fraser Island was known as K’gari (pronounced gurri) meaning paradise. Butchulla translates as the sea people.

Dear Nick,

It is possible to learn about Aboriginal civilisations,
not only from their legends, but also from the finds of
archeologists (who study the remains of past civilisations)
and of anthropologists (who study the development of the
human race. We can therefore put together the pieces of
the jigsaw puzzle by looking at:

1. Prehistoric skeletons that have been dug up.
2. Artefacts (tools, utensils, and ornaments) that have been
excavated or found in areas where Aborigines lived.
3. Cave and bark paintings.
4. The many different languages, legends and customs, that
have been passed on by word of mouth.

Many of us have grown up with a distorted and idealised version
of the past. We need to continue to search for the truth about
our past. Today we are learning a great deal about
the history of indigenous-settler relations.

But as I've stated in the past on this forum. Knowing brings
burden which can be shirked by those living in ignorance.
With knowing the question is no longer what we know but what
we are not to do, and that's a much harder matter to deal
with. It will as historians point out continue to perplex us
for many years to come.

You may wish to insert quotation marks in that last para, Fox.

General Comment

People want the truth, which can only be based on science and evidence.

They are sick of political correctness and spin.

There is so much political correctness about that people have learned not to trust politicians, the media and social science academics. Public cynicism regarding academia and universities is a relatively new thing, but sorely deserved by some.

otb,

Thank You for your concern - but no need.
The reference to historians is pretty clear
to most people.

Dear Nick,

We have to always bear in mind that there is more than one
side to every story. It is not wise to accept
any one interpretation of events as your only source
of information. For example -
in TV western the Indians are nearly always the "baddies"
who attack the "settlers," from Europe who are just trying to
"pioneer" a "new land."

You need to look at the other side of the story. If it was
re-written by an Indian the whole situation would probably be
reversed and the European settlers would have been the "baddies"
who came and "stole" the Indians' land by settling on it.

It is important to know who said what, in order to be able to
detect the bias that the author would probably have.

Therefore, to study the past properly, it's usually best to
go back to what we call "primary sources," that is the
original documents fro which historians gather together the
pieces of information which they use to compile a theory about
the past.

From these sources we can look at many different persons'
viewpoints and draw our own conclusions about what life must
have been like. If primary sources are not readily available
(and sometimes it's very difficult to find them on all
topics) we turn to history books in which historians who
have looked at primary sources have written down their
findings.

We also have to remember that history books are written
by historians and historians are human beings. Their words
are often wise but never completely "gospel." We need to
ask questions all the time and never accept any reference
book as if it could not be wrong.

Therefore, just the same as with primary sources, we need to
consult as many history books as possible to get a really
fair picture of the past.

We also need to study not only what is in history books but
also what has been at times - left out.

yes Foxy.
Here is the other part of the Gurri story of Fraser island Qld.
Gauri Parvati was the wife of Shiva and made this garden for him. The procreation of life for humans followed this, as on Fraser island.

Goddess Gauri is one of the manifestations of Goddess Parvati. She is the divine energy, Mother Goddess. Parvati means goddess of the mountains.

Kingdom of Shiva: - Google Books Result

https://books.google...isbn=8128830287
Sivkishen - 2015 - ‎Religion
As the time passed, Parvati grew up to be a stunningly beautiful,
charming, and alluring woman hoping to win His love. ... desolate cave and transformed it into a pleasure garden filled with the fragrance of flowers and the buzzing of bees.

Shakti Peethas are shrines or divine places of the Mother Goddess.
These are places that are believed to have enshrined with the presence of
Shakti due to the falling of body parts of the corpse of Sati Devi .

Parvati Gauri is a main Hindu goddess in Bali as a deity of Mount
Gunung Agung. The mother goddess presides over waters and lakes,
nurtures and grants fertility to crops and all life.
_________________________

Bundjalung legend about Dirrangun describes a clever / cranky woman of
Tooloom falls near Tenterfield. The hunter Balugan broke down the mountain she made to block the waters and she clung to figtree as
the Clarence river swept down to Grafton.
Balinese: diri_ self. angen_mind.
Indonesian : diri anggota _ government by-election.


Dirawong is the Bundjalung goanna who protects people from the
Rainbow snake.

Balinese : diri_self. wong__person.
___________________________

The Clarence river flows to Yamba where the boat arrived from Ngarenbil ( Indonesia?)

Indonesian : luar negeri _ outside land. overseas.

The headwaters of the Clarence river are near Tenterfield from where
creeks flow west to the darling river and the Toorale skull locality
near Bourke.

Dear Nick,

The facts that you draw our attention to are
indeed interesting. Thank You.

I've just been reading more about the skull of
the Toorale Man.

http://app.griffith.edu.au/news/2015/04/09/history-and-mystery-of-australias-toorale-man/

We're told that Dr Michael Westaway, an expert in Aboriginal
archaeology from Griffith University told the ABC's Catalyst
program that the wounds on the skull were indicative of an
:aggressive and hostile attack with the intent of murder."

Apparently state of the art science is being applied to
solving the mystery of the so-called Toorale Man.

Initial speculation was that the man's death was one of
thousands that occurred during frontier violence waged between
Aboriginals and Europeans after white settlement.

However, dating methods such as radio carbon dating and
optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) suggest the remains
date back to the late 13th century. Long before the
arrival of Europeans and their weapons.

Interesting - how all this will pan out.

Foxy,

"....:aggressive and hostile attack with the intent of murder."

If that quote is correct then it is not evidence of 'intent of murder' but only evidence of the ABC's desire to sensationalize

Yes it was 1200s and east Australia seems to have Balinese Hindu contact.
Here is an intent to murder. It's the legend of Ngurunderi and the Murray-Darling rivers. The Hindu term "Parampari" means a Hindu-Buddhist line of teachers.
"Ngurunderi followed his wives as far south as Kingston. Here he met a great sourcer, Parampari. The two men fought, using weapons and magic powers, until eventually Ngurunderi won. He burnt Parampari's body in a huge fire, symbolised by granite boulders today, and turned north along the Coorong beach. Here he camped several times, digging soaks in the sand for fresh water, and fishing in the Coorong lagoon.

Ngurunderi made his way across the Murray Mouth and along the Encounter Bay coast towards Victor Harbor."

Dear Is Mise,

Actually that summation was not made by the ABC
to "sensationalise."

It was made - by Dr Michael Westaway, an expert in Aboriginal
archaeology from Griffith University. He TOLD the
ABC's catalyst program that the wounds were indicative
of an "aggressive and hostile attack with the intent
of murder," as a result of state of the art science
methods being applied to solving the mystery of this
so-called Toorale Man.

You should have read the link that I provided.

Dear Nick,

Knowing a culture's myths and legends certainly helps
towards a better understanding of events.
I envy your knowledge.

Knowledge, Foxy? It's just obsession , retirement and web bashing.
The high tech research at Griffiths Uni is now underway ( they promised to do it in July). A student will thump a pigskull with a sharp mulga blade to try to copy the skull trauma.
Anybody know how I can get 1 piece of mulga? I've put ads in papers, asked businesses, tourism and national parks. Just 1 piece 2 foot long, thank you very much, bank cheque and postage in advance.

Dear Nick,

Have you tried Googling - "Mulga wood,"
or "Mulga on ebay?"

http://www.ebay.com.au/

You could go to a reputable Aboriginal/tourist - Art/ shop
in your nearest city or town and talk to the
manager. They must have a list of suppliers that
they deal with for their wood products. Tell the manager
what you're after and see if they can help.

Also suppliers of firewood in your city or town - would
also have the contacts.

http://www.westernsuburbsfirewood.com.au/

Good-Luck.

Gidgee timber would provide a reasonable test. A supplier,
http://www.thetimberjoint.com/contact/

It is all moot anyhow, given that if wood or rock (incl volcanic glass and Kimberly points) are not implicated, a possible explanation is that an Aborigine obtained a metalic object that had been traded in the North of Oz and happened to clout another Aborigine with it.

There were dozens of aboriginal clans and there were forever giving one another a nasty touch-up with nulla-nullas and war boomerangs made from fire hardened timbers like Gidgee root.

From the given information there is nothing, zilch, nada to support any attempt at historical revisionism to peddle a narrative of 'frontier wars'

Yes eBay has mulga weapons at $hundreds and I've tried suppliers - have a post in woodwork forum, some bloke may have an offcut 2 foot long.
In Melbourne, a Ngurungaeta today visits schools as headman of the region.
Patna City Anthem पटना नगर-गीत nagara gita (Skr nagasya gitam) of Patna.
Indonesian .nagara : country. gita hymn. song.

William Barak - Wikipedia,

1824 – 15 August 1903), was the last traditional ngurungaeta (elder) of the ...
" Murrundindi (aka Gary Hunter) is the ngurungaeta of the Wurundjeri people, a descendant of William Barak.
Each of these clans was governed by an individual or group of senior men who had the title ngurungaeta. These individuals were men of distinguished achievement who had effective authority within their clans and 'were considered its rightful representative in external affairs'. ..

Parampara - Wikipedia,
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parampara

Parampara denotes a succession of teachers and disciples in traditional Vedic culture and Indian religions such as Hinduism, Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism. It is also ...

http://ngarrindjeri.jay019.com/

ngarrindjeri.jay019.com/culture/ngurunderi.php

The two fought a great battle. Ngurunderi eventually killed Parampari and burnt his body near Kingston.

arrrg... can't edit posts.
the weird text is Sanskrit-Hindi writing from India.
Maybe a sword drifted across from north Oz to Bourke but difficult to imagine it being traded away repeatedly across tribes.
The Darling river legend is about a giant fish-man Pundu who was chased by Ngurunderi on a raft made of reeds. This made waters flow down the fish's pathway to the south sea. He cut up the fish to make all types of other fish.
The raft is Lalangenggal.

Murray River - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The twin summits of Mount Misery are supposed to be the remnants of his rafts, they are known as Lalangengall or the two watercraft.

- Ngurunderi Dreaming – Hearing Ngurunderi coming, his wives just had time to build a raft of reeds and grass-trees and to escape across Lake Albert.
Balinese. lalang :reeds. anggal : fast.

In Indonesia , the Hindu text Matsya Purana is about a giant fish-man
who was tied to the boat of Manu in a flood. The fish was Vishnu the preserver of life and the boat carried 7 wise man and seeds to replant the world.
Indonesian "pandu" means guide, as in the national song about "pandu" for the goddess, partner of Vishnu who had a fish-symbol in artwork.
_Pandom was the ship-compass which used to be a magnetic fish floating on oil. The Pandya kings of south India for over 1000 years had a fish symbol on flags, coins and temples. They traded and settled in Indonesia.

nicknamenick, "Maybe a sword drifted across from north Oz to Bourke but difficult to imagine it being traded away repeatedly across tribes"

It hasn't been established that it was a sword. I suggest that speculation is white man academic dreaming. -Just as a aside, I would venture that I am not the only 4X4 traveller into country and remote areas who has heard indigenous elder criticism of the politically correct white revisionist history.

As I suggested earlier, there is a richer history to be found, but not while white academics and professionals milk guvvy grants and get involved in politics and activism.

Notwithstanding that, I would question the assumption that a novelty item such as an edged weapon from Asia could not have been transported to far flung places via trade/ceremonial routes. However, an edged weapon like a sword would not have been valued by Aborigines, being cumbersome and ill-suited to lifestyle. In any event, the edge is quickly lost and difficult to maintain. It would be a 'ship's anchor' to a nomadic.

For what it is worth,

http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/aboriginal-dreaming-paths-and-trading-ways

Given the huge variety of traditional edged tools and weapons of Indonesia and other close Asian countries, the utility and greater ease of maintenance of those items which along with tradition encouraged personal carry and the established frequency of fishermen from that region to the north of Australia and Queensland, it is astounding that a researcher might surmise it was a sword of 'European' or 'British' origin.

Foxy,

Anyone who thinks that they can find 'intent of murder' in a cut on a skull of that age or any other, without knowing the facts surrounding the incident is in cloud nine land or is being misquoted.

Mulga might well do a decent cut and a lot would depend upon just how tough the skull was when new.

Would a sword be more difficult to carry than a mulga sword blade?
They surely knew how to sharpen tools...I've seen a Qld rainforest blade over 1 metre long.
They took glass insulation fittings from the overland telegraph to make spear points. A metal sword would appear magical and extremely useful. The metal neck-plates used to name a tribal chief by British colonials are valued even today.

nicknamenick,

With respect, have you ever done any bushwalking? Imagine taking a 'British' or 'European' sword with you. What would you shed to carry it?

If they really must speculate that it may have been metallic and edged, why discount the much more practical and available golok (from Indonesian and other sailors)?

Then who would bother carrying it from Darwin to Bourke ? Yes it may have been a straight kris long enough to cut 150 mm.
But somebody carried mulga swords and shields. Probably : " yeah, want to have a go do you? stay here and wait until I get my fighting gear."
Do you use wood knives in your kitchen? why not?

Hi Nick,

This is fascinating. In the lower Murray, the giant cod that Ngurunderi chased is called a pondi. I didn't know about Parampari.

That all raises questions bout how Javanese could have got to, basically, central Australia - perhaps from the Gulf, then down the Warrego: Toorale is on its junction with the Darling. Stories could have been passed up the Darling-Barwon and along river basins like the Dawson and Balonne and Condamine: the people there could have had close links with the Bandjalang, who seem to be in two parts, up in the Burnett region, and down on the northern rivers in NSW.

Could a Javanese war-party have got that far south without leaving any trace, no other stories, no artifacts ? If they did, then it's possible that stories could have been passed along, becoming more garbled with each telling, and with time and distance. Of course, this also asks the question: why ? Why trek thousands of kilometres into the desert ?

Smallpox epidemics may have spread from the Gulf up and then down the rivers, to western NSW, and from there down the Darling and across NSW and into SA. There could have been epidemics in 1789 (after the First Fleet had arrived, long after any incubation period) and again in about 1829, just before Sturt rowed down the Murray. There was also an epidemic down the WA coast as far as the South-West. Javanese, or Macassan, or Timorese, sailors were just starting trade in trepang and sandalwood along the North Coast in those late decades of the eighteenth century, but perhaps not before.

Could it be that some white bloke, a drover or stockman, found a skull somewhere along the Gulf coast, stuck it in his swag, and took it all the way down the Warrego, to Toorale ? Just exploring alternatives :)

Cheers,

Joe
www.firstsources.info

Foxy, sorry, I couldn't resist that plug :)

Here's some pics :
aboriginal rainforest shield & rainforest sword club far north ...
www.arthur-palmer.blogspot.com/.../aboriginal-rainforest-shield-rainfore...
Dec 16, 2009 - Large 1860 NQ Aboriginal Rainforest Shield and Sword Club Pair ... were always associated in ritual battle with the heavy fighting sword.
----
Maybe battle swords were smaller, or they were using the clubs which were fairly heavy.
The Darling river from the east would be an easier route than across desert. The Paroo river is a seasonal creek .
Indonesian. parit : ditch, canal.
Balinese. paru : lung, half.
On the Paroo, Wanaaring ( the town) means "wood duck". These make nests in tree-trunk hollows, red gum trees grow well along creeks.
Balinese. wana: forest. aring : entrance to small house ( bintang aring).
kris aring : sword. metal handle to deflect the other sword blade from the hand-grip.( like a passage-way / entrance ).
This suggests that kris swords were known, they were believed to have magical powers. An Aboriginal with a metal sword would have high status and high tech weaponry, quicker to strike with and sharper

Sanskrit . ring : moving slowly. balin : warrior.
Balinese . ring : with. Balin is the son of Indra, the rain-god warrior who has a statue in Bali. He made Tirta Empul sacred pool to heal his soldiers.

Ringbalin - River Country Spirit Ceremony - Murray River
www.murrayriver.com.au/event/393-river-country-spirit-ceremony/

03 Oct 2015 - Meningie shadow layout ... A celebration of spirit and Aborigines connection with country, Ringbalin dances it's way 2,300 kilometres across three ...

Dear Is Mise,

With all due respect - while your opinion, I'm sure
is appreciated by many - I prefer to listen to an expert
in Aboriginal archaeology - like Dr Peter Westaway.
Thanks anyway.

This is the Griffith Uni news item,

http://app.griffith.edu.au/news/2015/04/09/history-and-mystery-of-australias-toorale-man/

Compare that with the ABC report,

http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/4211835.htm

Quite a difference, but why so?

Foxy,

I've got some good investment shares for sale in the Sydney Harbour Bridge, care to invest?

Dear Is Mise,

Thank You for the offer but you can't sell
me something that I already own. ;-)

Dear otb,

News reports and television programs vary in the
type and amount of information they provide and the way in
which they provide the information. Therein lies
the difference between the two.

Ngurunderi - Section 6
www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/gallery/ngurunderi/ng6htm.htm
The large fighting clubs called Plonggi could be given special powers and ... The barbed and pointed clubs were either thrown or used for stabbing and hitting.

Aboriginal Peoples, Colonialism and International Law: Raw Law
Irene Watson - 2014 - ‎History

For example, when Ngurunderi26 came close to Tangalun (Kingston South East in South Australia)he was met by ourancestor Parampari who blocked Ngurunderi's journey. He was subsequently killed by the blows from Ngurunderi's plonji. ' club.

Ronald Murray Berndt, ‎Catherine Helen Berndt, ‎John E. Stanton - 1993 - ‎History

Ngurunderi got his plonggi club and threw it, hitting Parampari, who fell back as if dead.

( plonggi is the usual form. It can be thrown and spins through the air.) It can be compared with Indian and Indonesian language.

Sanskrit /palyangyate/ ) " turn around.stir. revolve"

palyang verb . turn round

Cebuano Philippines. palang
palang n. type of cutlass; large knife; butcher's knifepalangopalango n. kind of rattle made of cane, to scare away birds or animals.
palangganan. washbasin or large basin (esp. used for laundry work).

Tamil India. palang; horoscope of 12 constellations.(stars revolve in sky)
Indonesia. pulang : return home
palang: cross. bar.