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An ideological inversion
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The original intent of the author of ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ was to show how bad it was that private property had degraded the common resource. It was soon realized however that the same general problem inhered in holding resources in common. As Aristotle said “The property of all is the property of none.” People look after their own property better than they look after public property.
A classic example was the near extinction of the American buffalo on common property in the nineteenth century, at the same time as the same lands were filled up with privately-owned cattle, which are, biologically, virtually the same animal. As stark as these examples are, people are still making the same environmentally destructive mistakes today. The worst offenders are the environmentalists with their rampant romantic Rousseauian sentiments, their dreams of wilderness owned by no-one.
Before we rush to the conclusion that management of resources by way of private property has failed, we need to remember that there was a time when even land was not subject to private property. If we followed the line of reasoning of the statists, therefore land should have been put under public ownership, and the scarcity of resources should have been regulated by central government bureaucracies developing a plan for the management of the entire resource viewed as a whole. Advised by technical experts, they would then assign arbitrary values to particular resources. People could fit in with this grand plan by making an application for permission to use a particular piece of land for a particular purpose, and the whole scheme would be backed up by a mountain of rules and procedures, and fines, police, magistrates and prisons. The more ‘free market’ systems would graciously permit trading in the permits, but only on the basis of the arbitrary values that the state had originally assigned to the factors of production.